Ms. Clark wants to leverage students’ excitement regarding the CoCoRaHS participatory science project, so she decides to devote her dedicated science time one day in early May to offer students an opportunity to generate questions they would like to investigate using historical CoCoRaHS data. Ms. Clark wants to be receptive to all student ideas while also helping students to understand what makes a question investigatable. She begins the class by asking students to write down possible questions on sticky notes, reassuring students that writing down a question does not commit them to investigating the question. Instead, generating many ideas will help everyone in the class find something they are interested in exploring. Seeing that her students will develop a wide range of questions, Ms. Clark decides it will be necessary to explicitly discuss with students how to recognize investigatable questions. 

Students place the sticky notes, with one question on each, on a piece of chart paper. Because the goal of these student-directed investigations is to have students deepen their understanding by accessing CoCoRaHS data, Ms. Clark first engages the class in a sorting activity where they determine which questions can be answered using CoCoRaHS data.

Several students pose questions related to the impacts of precipitation on communities and wildlife, such as “Where do animals go when it floods?” and “What happens to plants when there’s too much rain?” Ms. Clark asks students to consider resources and tools available on the CoCoRaHS website and whether these could be used to answer the questions. Ultimately, the class determines they will not be able to answer questions related to impacts, though these would still be interesting to research at another time. These questions and others that cannot be investigated using the CoCoRaHS database (e.g., How do you become a meteorologist?) are placed into an “Other Interesting Questions” category on a separate piece of chart paper. Examples of investigatable questions include:

Ms. Clark begins grouping questions on the chart paper and creating categories such as “Differences in Precipitation Over Time” and “Differences in Precipitation by Location.” Ms. Clark also asks students questions to help them refine their questions. For example, she asks students interested in investigating precipitation in a desert to identify a particular area in the United States designated as a desert, has them check the CoCoRaHS interactive map to make sure that precipitation data are available in this area, and consider what tools they could use to help generate these data. 

Throughout the rest of the month, Ms. Clark allows students to use designated class time, as well as other smaller increments of available time (e.g., morning work, after finishing an assignment early) to continue investigating their questions. At the end of the year, Ms. Clark invites families into the classroom for a gallery walk to share what students have been investigating, as well as their work throughout the entire year.

Throughout the year, students have been gathering and making sense of their data as well as data from a station in their region and another region, and during this activity, they will have the opportunity to apply what they have learned to investigate a topic of their choosing. These ideas should connect to standards covered throughout the year. Students may consider

• investigating daily weather changes in other states
• investigating other patterns of weather data, such as snowfall, hail, or other significant weather
• predicting upcoming weather events based on historical data on the website
• Investigating geographic features that influence weather 
• comparing the precipitation of their state with another state they’ve visited
• investigating the precipitation data for a state they are going to visit on summer vacation, or where family members live
• comparing seasonal changes for a state in a different region of the country

Local Connections

Connecting with and finding local scientific support would be an authentic way to help students make connections with scientists that use CoCoRaHS data. Be intentional about finding connections to diverse scientists your students can relate to as you consider contacting either of the following local or national resources to aid students with their research:

• Connect with your State Climate Office here: https://stateclimate.org/state_programs/.  
• Connect with a meteorologist through a local chapter of the American Meteorological Society here: https://chapters.ametsoc.org/ 
• Connect with a local TV weather reporter through a Google search.

Concept maps can be hand-drawn or created using digital tools such as Canva, Figjam, or MindMup. Students can include information regarding all of the various tools they have utilized from the CoCoRaHS website throughout the school year. An example can be found below:

Students may need support in developing questions that can be investigated using CoCoRaHS data. Encourage students to reflect on the following as they determine a question to investigate.

• Am I interested in learning more about the answer to this question?
• Will I know something new after answering this question?
• Are there CoCoRaHS data available that will help me answer the question? Do I know how to find these data?
• Are there tools available on the CoCoRaHS website that can help me generate these data? 

Because students will focus on questions that use existing CoCoRaHS data, their questions will most likely be descriptive (i.e., focused on qualitative or quantitative measures of precipitation) or relational (e.g., comparing precipitation across multiple locations or periods of time). These categories represent another way to help students sort their questions as they are generated. 

Sharkawy, A. (2010). A Quest to Improve: Helping students learn how to pose investigable questions. Science and Children, 48(4), 32.

As students use CoCoRaHS historical data, some of the math skills and content that students have acquired throughout the year will help support their investigation. Students may rely on their understanding of any combination of the following: 

• Recognizing when questions asked yield categorical or numerical data
• Decontextualizing and recontextualizing numerical values
• Identifying relevant and irrelevant data in the context of an investigation question
• Checking answers to questions for reasonableness
• Reading a rain gauge to the nearest 1/100th of an inch and interpreting readings as decimal values
• Using place value concepts to order, compare, add, and subtract whole number and decimal values
• Recognizing the variability of data collected between different stations 
• Understanding what average values represent 
• Creating, reading, and interpreting bar graphs
• Considering, explaining, and evaluating the relationship(s) between two or more variables 
• Summarizing and describing numerical data sets

Various tools can help support students as they conduct their investigation and consider meaningful ways to present their thinking. The following list provides suggestions for tools that could aid students throughout their investigations: 

• Graph paper, pencil, ruler (to assist with accuracy and creating intervals)
• Google Sheets or Excel Spreadsheets
• Various tools on the CoCoRaHS website including DEX, Precipitation Summary tool, and Condition Monitoring Reports

Students’ work and format will vary, but it will be important to determine what their product(s) demonstrate about their understanding. A sample rubric is provided below: